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How Do I Know If I Have Cavities? Signs and Symptoms

  • Writer: Eduardo Ramos Garbiras
    Eduardo Ramos Garbiras
  • 6 minutes ago
  • 3 min read

By: Eduardo Ramos Garbiras

Dentist - Master in Public Health


Introduction

Tooth decay is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide and affects people of all ages. These lesions begin as a demineralization of the tooth enamel and, if not detected early, can progress to deeper layers of the tooth, causing pain, infection, and complications that affect quality of life and overall oral health.


Recognizing the early signs of tooth decay is key to receiving timely treatment, avoiding invasive procedures, and preserving tooth structure. Below, we share the most important signs your patients should know.


What is tooth decay?

Tooth decay is a multifactorial pathological process involving the interaction between bacteria in dental plaque and food debris, especially sugars. The bacteria metabolize these sugars and produce acids that demineralize the enamel and dentin, eventually forming a cavity or "hole" in the tooth.


Main symptoms and signs of tooth decay


1. Increased tooth sensitivity

One of the first noticeable symptoms may be sensitivity to cold, hot, or sweet foods or drinks. This response occurs when demineralization breaks down the protective enamel barrier and exposes the underlying dentin.


2. Localized toothache

The pain may begin as a mild discomfort that appears when eating or drinking and, as the injury progresses, become spontaneous and more intense. Inflammation of the dental pulp due to bacterial activity can cause deep pain.


3. White or brown spots on the teeth

In its early stages, tooth decay can appear as opaque white spots, representing a loss of minerals in the enamel. As the lesion progresses, these areas may turn brown or black.


4. Presence of visible cavities

As tooth decay progresses, a visible or palpable cavity may form on the tooth surface. These defects are evidence of structural damage and require professional evaluation.


5. Pain when chewing

Pain when applying pressure while chewing may indicate that the cavity has affected deep areas of the dentin or even brought the lesion closer to the dental pulp.


6. Halitosis or persistent bad taste

Bacterial buildup and the breakdown of decayed tissue can cause persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth, even after oral hygiene.


7. Changes in gum health near the lesion

Although tooth decay initially affects the tooth itself, there may be irritation and inflammation of the gums around the affected area, especially if plaque has accumulated there. You'll notice this as bleeding whenever you touch that area.


Importance of early detection

Tooth decay in its early stages may not present any obvious symptoms, making regular clinical checkups with a dentist essential. Professional examinations allow for the detection of incipient lesions before they develop into deep cavities or infections requiring more complex treatments.


Currently, there are standardized clinical criteria such as the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) that help to identify and classify carious lesions from their most subtle to their most advanced manifestations.


Conclusion

Recognizing the symptoms of tooth decay not only helps our patients seek timely care, but also facilitates more effective preventative strategies. Oral health education and regular dental checkups are fundamental pillars for maintaining a healthy smile.


👉 If you experience any of the symptoms described or have concerns about your oral health, schedule an appointment with your trusted dentist. Treating cavities early reduces pain and costs, and preserves your natural teeth.


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